Also, wolves rarely consumed the whole elk carcass, often leaving two thirds behind. This became carrion for eagles, ravens, and bears.
The wolves also transformed the physical geography. The new aspen thickets on the riverbanks reduced soil erosion and attracted beavers, who built dams that created new pools and lakes. So, the reintroduction of a predator at the top of the food chain had unexpected ripple effects that changed not just the behavior of the prey, but also the whole underlying landscape. What lessons can we draw from this to apply to cyber risk?
Clearly prey change their behavior when a new predator arrives on the scene. The imperative to change is driven by the relative ratio of damage and reward. In the Yellowstone example, a wolf predating on an elk kills it and only eats a small part of the carcass.